Item 7. Industrial activity in a globalized world, the English industry: factors of location and current distribution.
Currently, the industrial sector is undergoing major changes due to both the industrial revolution as the grave international crisis in which there is immersed.
These changes are based on:
- The crisis 75 and 92 led to the search for less dependence on a very expensive oil and industrial system Fordist type, heavily dependent on labor. Evolved into industrial production systems with more efficient technologies, saving energy and labor.
Currently, the industrial sector is undergoing major changes due to both the industrial revolution as the grave international crisis in which there is immersed.
These changes are based on:
- The crisis 75 and 92 led to the search for less dependence on a very expensive oil and industrial system Fordist type, heavily dependent on labor. Evolved into industrial production systems with more efficient technologies, saving energy and labor.
- Progress in some areas of technology such as robotics, computer, telecommunications and microelectronics have radically transformed the production system and have initiated the call third industrial revolution.
- The process of economic Globalization, based on the ICT revolution in transport and economic policies favoring the free market, facilitating the movement of technology, goods and capital have led multinational companies relocate their industries in parts of the planet where they find most efficient production. The industrial relocation is that production processes do not have to concentrate in one place, even in the same country, but in terms of the benefits they obtain in each state.
- The new division of labor . Peripheral countries are destined for production, while plants provide multinational corporations, financial capital, technology and innovation
- New emerging economies, with cheaper labor and fewer social rights than in developed countries, which generate the emergence of newly industrialized countries and developing competing with developed industrial
- The new map industrial trade. In the industrial production of the Asian Dragons must be added in the last years the huge growth of China or Russia and Brazil, which is rapidly transforming the world map of industrial location and relationships of import and export of industrial products
- The European Union , Consistent with the deregulatory policies of the WTO, favored privatization of certain public enterprises English, prompting the closure in some cases (Altos Hornos Mediterranean, etc.). or processing other multinational (Repsol , Telefonica, Iberia, etc.)
- Globalization has produced a new market, the world, with more consumers, but also more competitive, forcing a specialization in industrial production
- The development of R & D + i as the basis for sustained competitiveness of an industry in technological efficiency, design and innovation.
- The increase in service sector leads to a decline of the industrial sector both in population, as share of GDP, however, the industrial output growth and productivity has been very high in recent years.
- The climate change caused by the high consumption of fossil fuels and various international treaties should lead states to develop a sustainable industry and the cessation of coal and oil
- The world economic crisis caused by a lack of control over financial capital moves freely, should lead to a strengthening of control of states and international organizations on business and financial institutions.
- In this new scenario the English government designed a new Sustainable Economy Act, to allow a new restructuring of the English industrial sector, based on the use of renewable energy.
The factors that have determined the industrial location were during the first and second revolution Industrial
- The existence of raw materials or energy sources such as coal, for steel and metallurgical industries of Cantabrian corridor.
- agricultural and fishery resources for processed agri-food companies inside and canneries in Galicia.
- The existence of capital, as in Madrid, between the bourgeois Catalan or Basque banking.
- The existence of abundant labor and more qualified consumer market and a business concentration in major metropolitan areas in English (Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao)
- A communications easier on the coast (Barcelona, \u200b\u200bBilbao, Valencia, Vigo) and in Madrid, thanks to the radial structure of
transport networks - an industrial policy that set, during the years of development, industrial development poles in some English cities as Zaragoza, Valladolid, Seville, Vigo, etc. industry to extend the territory.
In third industrial revolution in which we find the factors for the location of the industry today have evolved:
- The improved transport and communications network means less dependence on raw materials, consumer market or proximity to the center of decisions.
- The saturation of traditional industrial areas (Madrid. Vizcaya and Barcelona) leads to industries located in an industrial second crown (Guadalajara, Álava and Tarragona)
- needs I + D + i approach industries, especially technology, to urban centers with large university offer .
- The industries that need low-tech take advantage of cheaper labor from rural or move to other countries
- The regional decentralization of the English state has also supported dissemination of the peninsula
industrial The distribution of the industry could be classified into:
- developed areas, such as large metropolitan areas of Madrid and Barcelona . They have a high industrial concentration, very diversified, with a broad consumer market and work and the existence of significant financial and business centers.
- Expansion Hubs, and the Ebro Valley or Mediterranean Basin.
- declining areas, such as the Cantabrian or some special points in heavy industries and mineral resources as Cadiz, Almaden, Ponferrada or Puertollano.
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