Item 6. Recent dynamics of the rural: the rural crisis, problems of agriculture in a globalized world, European Union policies, new directions
The English agricultural landscape is extremely varied due to differences in climate, topography and soils. However it should be noted, in general, the hardness of the English natural environment by the dominance of the Mediterranean climate, with long droughts, extensive mountainous areas with steep slopes and the continental interior, causing a long period of frost and low rainfall.
People and the English economy was predominantly agricultural until the mid-twentieth century. The historical development of the property, accentuated by the process of confiscation of land in the nineteenth century, led to an unequal distribution of agricultural incomes, which coupled with increasing population pressure led to a source of conflicts over access to land. English agriculture is characterized by low mechanization, discouraged by low wages. The Second Republic tried to implement land reform, hampered by the war and Franco's regime would be changed to the National Institute of Colonization. However, pressure on land access and poverty in rural areas did not begin to resolve until the period of migration from the countryside to the city since the fifties. The loss of population in the field allowed the abandonment of less profitable farms, increased farm size and slow modernization.
Entry into the European Union in 1986 was a major impetus to the transformation of rural areas. The increasing population and changing dietary habits due to higher living standards, has also led to increased demand for agricultural products, especially meat and horticultural type.
farming activity, characteristic of rural areas, has continued to lose weight in Spain in the last half century. Its share of GDP is 3.5% and the agricultural workforce has happened in the last thirty years from 20% to 5% and continues to decline. Despite these data, the English agriculture has been modernized significantly, with high levels of mechanization, and improved productivity, although less than in other sectors. Its activity uses and manages almost 90% of the geographical area, being the second country in the EU agricultural area census.
The reduction in active agricultural population has also resulted in reducing the number of farms in recent decades (from 3 million in 1962 to 1.7 million in 2009) The agrarian structure is still unbalanced, with a predominance of small farms and family farms in the north and Mediterranean coast, with a predominance of large estates and corporations in the south. The owners of the farms are mostly individuals but also public bodies, especially in the north and corporations, in the most dynamic areas of southern agriculture. The increase in rents has increased the size of farms. Besides the decline in population aging there is strong among the owners of farms, increasing to one. Family work is completed with wage labor, especially in large groves and vineyards and farms in southeastern New irrigation intensive, with high participation of women and immigrants. I
The EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), originally aimed at ensuring the supply of Europe than in nearby times had suffered great famine and encourage the continuation of the rural population, improving the incomes of farmers. This policy allowed the modernization of farms and increase production, but resulted in the emergence of surpluses and the need to devote much of the EU budget to maintain a highly protectionist CAP.
The process of globalization and the demands of the least developed countries in the liberalization of European agricultural markets has prompted a new PAC that forces European farms to be competitive in international markets in 2013 and, therefore, to a tough conversion sector, which should leave that less productive agriculture. The multinationals are in the process of buying land in underdeveloped countries, where labor is cheap, to gain a foothold in this new release of the agricultural market.
In this situation occurs:
• the abandonment of less profitable fields for the recovery of forest areas
• the fallow as a means to lower agricultural inputs and surpluses
• the farming with high quality products
• the cultivation of dedicated biodiesel plants in marginal agricultural areas, or the use of biomass in the farming and forestry • a
intensive agriculture under plastic or hydroponic culture on the Mediterranean coast.
• The introduction of new genetically engineered species that can increase the resilience and productivity of crops.
• The incorporation of new economic activities in rural areas as the use of energy (wind solar, wind, etc..) In the service sector (rural tourism, etc..) Or the development of an urban sprawl based on second homes
The English agricultural landscape is extremely varied due to differences in climate, topography and soils. However it should be noted, in general, the hardness of the English natural environment by the dominance of the Mediterranean climate, with long droughts, extensive mountainous areas with steep slopes and the continental interior, causing a long period of frost and low rainfall.
People and the English economy was predominantly agricultural until the mid-twentieth century. The historical development of the property, accentuated by the process of confiscation of land in the nineteenth century, led to an unequal distribution of agricultural incomes, which coupled with increasing population pressure led to a source of conflicts over access to land. English agriculture is characterized by low mechanization, discouraged by low wages. The Second Republic tried to implement land reform, hampered by the war and Franco's regime would be changed to the National Institute of Colonization. However, pressure on land access and poverty in rural areas did not begin to resolve until the period of migration from the countryside to the city since the fifties. The loss of population in the field allowed the abandonment of less profitable farms, increased farm size and slow modernization.
Entry into the European Union in 1986 was a major impetus to the transformation of rural areas. The increasing population and changing dietary habits due to higher living standards, has also led to increased demand for agricultural products, especially meat and horticultural type.
farming activity, characteristic of rural areas, has continued to lose weight in Spain in the last half century. Its share of GDP is 3.5% and the agricultural workforce has happened in the last thirty years from 20% to 5% and continues to decline. Despite these data, the English agriculture has been modernized significantly, with high levels of mechanization, and improved productivity, although less than in other sectors. Its activity uses and manages almost 90% of the geographical area, being the second country in the EU agricultural area census.
The reduction in active agricultural population has also resulted in reducing the number of farms in recent decades (from 3 million in 1962 to 1.7 million in 2009) The agrarian structure is still unbalanced, with a predominance of small farms and family farms in the north and Mediterranean coast, with a predominance of large estates and corporations in the south. The owners of the farms are mostly individuals but also public bodies, especially in the north and corporations, in the most dynamic areas of southern agriculture. The increase in rents has increased the size of farms. Besides the decline in population aging there is strong among the owners of farms, increasing to one. Family work is completed with wage labor, especially in large groves and vineyards and farms in southeastern New irrigation intensive, with high participation of women and immigrants. I
The EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), originally aimed at ensuring the supply of Europe than in nearby times had suffered great famine and encourage the continuation of the rural population, improving the incomes of farmers. This policy allowed the modernization of farms and increase production, but resulted in the emergence of surpluses and the need to devote much of the EU budget to maintain a highly protectionist CAP.
The process of globalization and the demands of the least developed countries in the liberalization of European agricultural markets has prompted a new PAC that forces European farms to be competitive in international markets in 2013 and, therefore, to a tough conversion sector, which should leave that less productive agriculture. The multinationals are in the process of buying land in underdeveloped countries, where labor is cheap, to gain a foothold in this new release of the agricultural market.
In this situation occurs:
• the abandonment of less profitable fields for the recovery of forest areas
• the fallow as a means to lower agricultural inputs and surpluses
• the farming with high quality products
• the cultivation of dedicated biodiesel plants in marginal agricultural areas, or the use of biomass in the farming and forestry • a
intensive agriculture under plastic or hydroponic culture on the Mediterranean coast.
• The introduction of new genetically engineered species that can increase the resilience and productivity of crops.
• The incorporation of new economic activities in rural areas as the use of energy (wind solar, wind, etc..) In the service sector (rural tourism, etc..) Or the development of an urban sprawl based on second homes
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